The Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician rating scale (NPI-C): reliability and validity of a revised assessment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia.

BACKGROUND: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) affect almost all patients with dementia and are a major focus of study and treatment. Accurate assessment of NPS through valid, sensitive and reliable measures is crucial. Although current NPS measures have many strengths, they also have some limitations (e.g. acquisition of data is limited to informants or caregivers as respondents, limited depth of items specific to moderate dementia). Therefore, we developed a revised version of the NPI, known as the NPI-C. The NPI-C includes expanded domains and items, and a clinician-rating methodology. This study evaluated the reliability and convergent validity of the NPI-C at ten international sites (seven languages). METHODS: Face validity for 78 new items was obtained through a Delphi panel. A total of 128 dyads (caregivers/patients) from three severity categories of dementia (mild = 58, moderate = 49, severe = 21) were interviewed separately by two trained raters using two rating methods: the original NPI interview and a clinician-rated method. Rater 1 also administered four additional, established measures: the Apathy Evaluation Scale, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Index, and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Intraclass correlations were used to determine inter-rater reliability. Pearson correlations between the four relevant NPI-C domains and their corresponding outside measures were used for convergent validity. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability was strong for most items. Convergent validity was moderate (apathy and agitation) to strong (hallucinations and delusions; agitation and aberrant vocalization; and depression) for clinician ratings in NPI-C domains. CONCLUSION: Overall, the NPI-C shows promise as a versatile tool which can accurately measure NPS and which uses a uniform scale system to facilitate data comparisons across studies.

[Visual art, creativity and dementia]. / Arte visual, creatividad y demencia.

BACKGROUND: Visual art is an expression of neurological function and how it organizes and interprets perception. The art is predominantly in the right hemisphere, in contrast, the left side, have inhibitory effects on artistic expression. In normal subjects, inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms could interact in a complex harmony, reflecting a paradoxical functional facilitation. Brain diseases such as dementia could change this harmony and then, alter the artistic abilities. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the art expression in the degenerative diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Artistic abilities of 3 painters with degenerative diseases were assessment. RESULTS: Patient 1: A 83 - year old right handed female, diagnosis: Alzheimer's disease. Artistic description: low productivity, simplified versions of earlier and alteration of the visuospatial organization. Patient 2: A 78-year-old right handed female, diagnosis: Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA); Artistic description: oversimplified drawings which maintaining overall spatial organization, without impair artistic skills. Patient 3: A 68 year-old right handed woman, diagnosis: Fronto-Temporal Dementia (FTD). Artistic description: Increased artistic activity, originality, freedom, utilization of intense colours with perseverative and repetitive copying of similar paintings of her own work. CONCLUSIONS: Visual art in Alzheimer's disease is a consequence of visuospatial and constructive disabilities. In contrast, the conservation of this cognitive functions and left asymmetrical involved, in FTD and PPA respectively, suggest artistic preservation, independently of the language injury. The disproportionate functional prevalence of the right over the left could lead to a release of novelty - seeking in art and can contribute to emergent creativity. These observations suggest an organization for art in the brain and proposed bases for further investigations in dementias.

Afasia progresiva primaria: variabilidad clínica. Análisis de 15 casos / Primary progressive aphasia: its clinical variability. An analysis of 15 cases

Introducción. La APP representa un síndrome ligado a etiología degenerativa, que lo diferencia de los cuadros afásicos secundarios. Se caracteriza principalmente por la pérdida aislada y progresiva del lenguaje, al menos durante los dos primeros años de evolución. Objetivo. Evaluar el perfil neuropsicológico, neuropsiquiátrico y lingüístico de la APP. Pacientes y métodos. Se evaluó a 15 pacientes con APP con una extensa batería de lenguaje, neuropsicológica y neuropsiquiátrica. Se les realizó examen neurológico y neuroimágenes cerebrales estáticas (tomografía computarizada o resonancia magnética) y funcionales (tomografía computarizada por emisión de fotón único). Resultados. Se clasificó a los pacientes según el tipo de afasia. Se observó una clara distinción entre los patrones de expresión oral. La anomia fue el síntoma más frecuente de presentación. Siete pacientes mostraron afasia de Broca, cuatro pacientes afasia transcortical sensorial, dos pacientes afasia de Wernicke y dos pacientes afasia anómica. Los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos más prevalentes fueron depresión, apatía, ansiedad e irritabilidad. Conclusiones. La APP es un término sindrómico que reúne una gran variabilidad de manifestaciones clínicas; incluye formas afásicas tanto fluentes como no fluentes. Si bien se considera un trastorno exclusivamente cognitivo, está asociado con una alta prevalencia de manifestaciones psiquiátricas. Son necesarios mayores estudios para evaluar la implicación pronóstica de la presencia de los mismos. El deterioro lento y progresivo del lenguaje ofrece una importante oportunidad para investigar la neurodegeneración focal y los mecanismos neuropsicológicos involucrados en los procesos lingüísticos (AU)

Introduction. Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) represents a clinical syndrome linked to multiple degenerative diseases. The diagnosis of PPA is made when language is the only area of salient and progressive dysfunction for at least the first two years of the disease. Aim. To evaluate the neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric and language characteristics of the PPA. Patients and methods. 15 patients with PPA underwent language, neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography and single photon emission computerized tomography. Results. We observed a clear distinction between the oral expression patterns; the patients were classificated by type of aphasia. The most common sign of PPA was a word finding deficit, also known as anomia. Seven aphasia type Broca, four sensorial transcortical aphasia, two aphasia type Wernicke and two anomic aphasia were found in our patients. Depression, apathy, anxiety and irritability were the most prevalent neuropsychiatric sign. Conclusions. PPA is a language-based syndrome, that include fluent (normal articulation, flow and number of words per utterance) and nonfluent form of aphasia. It has been considered a cognitive term, however, PPA is associated with high prevalence of psychiatric manifestations. More research it will be necessary to evaluate the prognostic value of them. The slow and progressive deterioration of language provides an interesting model to understand the mechanisms and biological bases involved in the linguistic process (AU)

[Primary progressive aphasia: its clinical variability: an analysis of 15 cases]. / Afasia progresiva primaria: variabilidad clínica. Análisis de 15 casos

INTRODUCTION: Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) represents a clinical syndrome linked to multiple degenerative diseases. The diagnosis of PPA is made when language is the only area of salient and progressive dysfunction for at least the first two years of the disease. AIM: To evaluate the neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric and language characteristics of the PPA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 15 patients with PPA underwent language, neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography and single photon emission computerized tomography. RESULTS: We observed a clear distinction between the oral expression patterns; the patients were classificated by type of aphasia. The most common sign of PPA was a word finding deficit, also known as anomia. Seven aphasia type Broca, four sensorial transcortical aphasia, two aphasia type Wernicke and two anomic aphasia were found in our patients. Depression, apathy, anxiety and irritability were the most prevalent neuropsychiatric sign. CONCLUSIONS: PPA is a language-based syndrome, that include fluent (normal articulation, flow and number of words per utterance) and nonfluent form of aphasia. It has been considered a cognitive term, however, PPA is associated with high prevalence of psychiatric manifestations. More research it will be necessary to evaluate the prognostic value of them. The slow and progressive deterioration of language provides an interesting model to understand the mechanisms and biological bases involved in the linguistic process.

A double-blind, randomized clinical trial to assess the augmentation with nimodipine of antidepressant therapy in the treatment of "vascular depression".

BACKGROUND: Cerebrovascular disease may cause "vascular depression" (VaD). Calcium channel-blockers are presumed treatments for cerebrovascular disease and might be expected to improve depression and prevent recurrence. OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy and tolerability of the use of nimodipine as an augmentation of fluoxetine in the treatment of VaD. DESIGN: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial in which 101 patients with VaD (Alexopoulos criteria) were treated with fluoxetine at standard doses. Patients were randomized to placebo (n=51) or nimodipine (n=50). Treatment outcomes were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) regularly up to 8 months after treatment initiation. RESULTS: Depression was reduced in 63% of patients, but those whose treatment was enhanced with nimodipine had greater improvements overall by repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) (F(1.80) = 9.76, p=0.001). In addition, a greater proportion of patients treated with fluoxetine-nimodipine (54% vs. 27%) exhibited full remission (chi2(d.f. 1)= 7.3, p = 0.006), with the number needed to treat (NNT) equal to 4 (95% CI 2-12). Of those experiencing full remission in the first 61 days, fewer patients on fluoxetine-nimodipine (3.7%) developed recurrence of major depression as compared to those on fluoxetine alone (35.7%) (chi2(d.f. 1) = 7.56, p = 0.006), NNT 3 (95% CI 2-9). Side-effects were noted in 33.3% of patients in the control group and 48% of the experimental group (chi2(d.f. 1) = 2.25, p = 0.133). CONCLUSIONS: In treating VaD, augmentation of fluoxetine with nimodipine led to better treatment results and lower rates of recurrence. These findings support the argument that augmentation of antidepressant therapy might be helpful in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease, which is involved in the pathogenesis of this type of depression.

Arte visual, creatividad y demencia / [Visual art, creativity and dementia]

BACKGROUND: Visual art is an expression of neurological function and how it organizes and interprets perception. The art is predominantly in the right hemisphere, in contrast, the left side, have inhibitory effects on artistic expression. In normal subjects, inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms could interact in a complex harmony, reflecting a paradoxical functional facilitation. Brain diseases such as dementia could change this harmony and then, alter the artistic abilities. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the art expression in the degenerative diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Artistic abilities of 3 painters with degenerative diseases were assessment. RESULTS: Patient 1: A 83 - year old right handed female, diagnosis: Alzheimer’s disease. Artistic description: low productivity, simplified versions of earlier and alteration of the visuospatial organization. Patient 2: A 78-year-old right handed female, diagnosis: Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA); Artistic description: oversimplified drawings which maintaining overall spatial organization, without impair artistic skills. Patient 3: A 68 year-old right handed woman, diagnosis: Fronto-Temporal Dementia (FTD). Artistic description: Increased artistic activity, originality, freedom, utilization of intense colours with perseverative and repetitive copying of similar paintings of her own work. CONCLUSIONS: Visual art in Alzheimer’s disease is a consequence of visuospatial and constructive disabilities. In contrast, the conservation of this cognitive functions and left asymmetrical involved, in FTD and PPA respectively, suggest artistic preservation, independently of the language injury. The disproportionate functional prevalence of the right over the left could lead to a release of novelty - seeking in art and can contribute to emergent creativity. These observations suggest an organization for art in the brain and proposed bases for further investigations in dementias.

Arte visual, creatividad y demencia. / [Visual art, creativity and dementia]

BACKGROUND: Visual art is an expression of neurological function and how it organizes and interprets perception. The art is predominantly in the right hemisphere, in contrast, the left side, have inhibitory effects on artistic expression. In normal subjects, inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms could interact in a complex harmony, reflecting a paradoxical functional facilitation. Brain diseases such as dementia could change this harmony and then, alter the artistic abilities. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the art expression in the degenerative diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Artistic abilities of 3 painters with degenerative diseases were assessment. RESULTS: Patient 1: A 83 - year old right handed female, diagnosis: Alzheimers disease. Artistic description: low productivity, simplified versions of earlier and alteration of the visuospatial organization. Patient 2: A 78-year-old right handed female, diagnosis: Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA); Artistic description: oversimplified drawings which maintaining overall spatial organization, without impair artistic skills. Patient 3: A 68 year-old right handed woman, diagnosis: Fronto-Temporal Dementia (FTD). Artistic description: Increased artistic activity, originality, freedom, utilization of intense colours with perseverative and repetitive copying of similar paintings of her own work. CONCLUSIONS: Visual art in Alzheimers disease is a consequence of visuospatial and constructive disabilities. In contrast, the conservation of this cognitive functions and left asymmetrical involved, in FTD and PPA respectively, suggest artistic preservation, independently of the language injury. The disproportionate functional prevalence of the right over the left could lead to a release of novelty - seeking in art and can contribute to emergent creativity. These observations suggest an organization for art in the brain and proposed bases for further investigations in dementias.

A double blind, randomized clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of augmenting standard antidepressant therapy with nimodipine in the treatment of 'vascular depression'.

BACKGROUND: 'Vascular depression' may be caused by cerebrovascular disease. Calcium channel blockers, which are putative treatments for cerebrovascular disease, might be expected to improve depression reduction and to prevent recurrence of depression in this patient population. This clinical trial was designed to test these hypotheses. DESIGN: This was a controlled, double blind, randomized clinical trial in which 84 patients with vascular depression (Alexopoulos criteria) were treated with antidepressants at standard doses. Patients were also randomized to nimodipine (n = 40) or an inactive comparator, vitamin C (n = 44). Treatment outcomes were assessed using the Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) regularly up to 300 days after treatment initiation. RESULTS: As expected, depression reduction was successful in most patients. In addition, those treated with nimodipine plus an antidepressant had greater improvements in depression overall in repeated measures ANCOVA (F(1,81) = 8.64, p = 0.004). As well a greater proportion of nimodipine-treated participants (45 versus 25%) exhibited a full remission (HDRS < or = 10) (chi(2)(df, 1) = 3.71, p = 0.054). Among those experiencing a substantial response in the first 60 days (50% reduction in HDRS), fewer patients on nimodipine (7.4%) had a recurrence of major depression when compared to those on antidepressant alone (32%) (chi(2)(df, 1) = 3.59, p = 0.058). CONCLUSIONS: In treating vascular depression, augmentation of antidepressant therapy with a calcium-channel blocker leads to greater depression reduction and lower rates of recurrence. These findings support the argument that cerebrovascular disease is involved in the pathogenesis and recurrence of depression in these patients.

Relación entre las quejas subjetivas de memoria y el reporte familiar en pacientes con demencia de tipo Alzheimer / Relation between patient's memory complaints and informant reports in dementia of Alzheimer's type

Introducción: Los sujetos que envejecen se 'quejan' de sus olvidos, los cuales pueden ser normales o el síntoma de inicio de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar en controles normales, en sujetos con deterioro de memoria asociado a la edad (DAME) y en pacientes con Demencia de tipo Alzheimer (DTA) la importancia de esta queja, el reporte de su familiar y el rendimiento en las baterías objetivas de memoria. Material y método: 73 pacientes (41 DMAE; y 32 DTA) y 30 controles fueron evaluados con un Cuestionario de Memoria Subjetiva, una Batería Objetiva de Memoria y la Escala de Depresión de Hamilton. Resultados: La queja es significativamente mayor en los sujetos con DMAE. La queja de los pacientes no se correlacionó con la edad, la escolaridad, el sexo, el MMSE ni con las pruebas objetivas de memoria pero sí con la escala de depresión de Hamilton. El cuestionario completado por el familiar correlaciona con las pruebas de memoria pero no con la escala de depresión del paciente. Conclusiones: Estos resultados responderían a los rasgos ansioso-depresivos en los controles y DMAE o a la anosognosia en los pacientes dementes. El reporte familiar es el mejor predictor del rendimiento mnésico del paciente (AU)

[Relation between patient's subjective complaints and family reports in patients with Alzheimer's type dementia]. / Relación entre las quejas subjetivas de memoria y el reporte familiar en pacientes con demencia de tipo Alzheimer.

INTRODUCTION: Reduced ability to remember facts and events of everyday life is a common complaint in the elderly and is also the first sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present research was designed to study the interrelationship between severity of memory complaints (MC), informant report, and performance in memory tests. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy three (73) patients (41 age associated memory impairment (AAMI), and 32 Alzheimer's disease) and 30 normal controls were studied using the Subjective Memory Questionnaire (modified version), an objective memory battery and the Hamilton depression scale. RESULTS: Age Associated Memory Impairment subjects reported more severe MC (p< 0.001). No relationship was found between severity of MC and age, sex or educational level. Patient's MC didn't correlate with objective memory battery. A strong correlation was found with Hamilton depression score. Caregiver memory reports correlated with objective memory performances. CONCLUSION: Depressive features in AAMI and anosognosia in dementia patients would explain these results. These data suggest that informant report is the best predictor of patient's memory performance.

La queja de pérdida de la memoria en el diagnóstico de las demencias / Memory complaints in the diagnosis of dementia

Los sujetos que envejecen frecuentemente se "quejan" de sus olvidos, los cuales pueden ser normales o el síntoma de inicio de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar en sujetos normales y en dementes la importancia de esta queja, el reporte de su familiar y el rendimiento en las baterías objetivas de memoria. Fueron evaluados 173 sujetos (41 deterioros de memoria asociado a la edad (DMAE); 32 demencias de tipo Alzheimer; 29 demencia vvascular; 14 demencia frontotemporal y 57 varios) y 30 controles. Para estudiar la "queja subjetiva" se adaptó el Cuestionario de Memoria Subjetiva, el cual debía completar el paciente y un protocolo similar que debía llenar el familiar. La queja es significativamente mayor en los sujetos con DMAE que en controles. En los sujetos normales y en DMAE no hay correlación entre la severidad del CMS con la edad, con la escolaridad, ni con el sexo. La queja de olvidos no se correlaciona con el MMSe ni con las pruebas de memoria, la correlación es significativa con la escala de depresión de Hamilton. cuando el cuestionario es llenado por el familiar, los resultados totales se correlacionan con el MMSe y con las pruebas de memoria del paciente pero no con la escala de depresión. Este trabajo demuestra que los cuestionarios de pérdida de memoria de los pacientes no tienen validez clínica. Un sujeto no puede ser objetivo con su propio rendimiento, este conocimiento es modificado por los rasgos ansioso-depresivos en los controles y en DMAE o por la anosognosia en los pacientes dementes. La preocupación del familiar es más significativa que la del propio paciente y debe ser tomada como un signo de alarma precoz de deterioro de memoria

La queja de pérdida de la memoria en el diagnóstico de las demencias / Memory complaints in the diagnosis of dementia

Los sujetos que envejecen frecuentemente se "quejan" de sus olvidos, los cuales pueden ser normales o el síntoma de inicio de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar en sujetos normales y en dementes la importancia de esta queja, el reporte de su familiar y el rendimiento en las baterías objetivas de memoria. Fueron evaluados 173 sujetos (41 deterioros de memoria asociado a la edad (DMAE); 32 demencias de tipo Alzheimer; 29 demencia vvascular; 14 demencia frontotemporal y 57 varios) y 30 controles. Para estudiar la "queja subjetiva" se adaptó el Cuestionario de Memoria Subjetiva, el cual debía completar el paciente y un protocolo similar que debía llenar el familiar. La queja es significativamente mayor en los sujetos con DMAE que en controles. En los sujetos normales y en DMAE no hay correlación entre la severidad del CMS con la edad, con la escolaridad, ni con el sexo. La queja de olvidos no se correlaciona con el MMSe ni con las pruebas de memoria, la correlación es significativa con la escala de depresión de Hamilton. cuando el cuestionario es llenado por el familiar, los resultados totales se correlacionan con el MMSe y con las pruebas de memoria del paciente pero no con la escala de depresión. Este trabajo demuestra que los cuestionarios de pérdida de memoria de los pacientes no tienen validez clínica. Un sujeto no puede ser objetivo con su propio rendimiento, este conocimiento es modificado por los rasgos ansioso-depresivos en los controles y en DMAE o por la anosognosia en los pacientes dementes. La preocupación del familiar es más significativa que la del propio paciente y debe ser tomada como un signo de alarma precoz de deterioro de memoria

An open-label trial of sertraline for the treatment of major depression in primary care.

Major depression is one of the most common medical disorders seen in primary care practice. Management frequently fails to meet recommended standards of treatment. For example, only a minority of patients are treated with antidepressants. The goals of this study were to establish the safety and effectiveness in the real world of a protocol-based pharmacological intervention administered by primary care physicians trained by psychiatrists. This was a naturalistic, open, 8-week, noncomparative, multicenter study of sertraline, 50-100 mg, in the treatment of 469 patients with mild-to-moderate major depression seen in primary care office settings. Effectiveness was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The mean value of the HDRS declined steadily from 25.4 at baseline to 8.5 at day 56 (p < 0.0001). Fifty-two percent of patients achieved a full remission (HDRS <10 on day 56) and 70% had a positive response (50% reduction in HDRS scores). Only 26% had side effects, most of them mild. Major depression can be successfully diagnosed and treated by primary care physicians when adequately trained and supported by psychiatrists.

Major depression and its response to sertraline in primary care vs. psychiatric office practice patients. Results of an open-label trial in Argentina.

Great strides have been achieved in recent years in the detection and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in primary care settings. Little is known about the types or patients with MDD seen in primary care as compared with those seen in psychiatric office practice. Few studies have compared clinical outcomes after treatment with antidepressants in these two settings. In Argentina, the authors conducted an open-label treatment study of MDD patients in primary care (n = 469) and psychiatric office practice (n = 299). The patients were compared on baseline sociodemographic and clinical variables. These same patients were treated with sertraline 50-100 mg per day for 8 weeks. At baseline, the patients in psychiatric office practice were younger, more likely to abuse alcohol, less likely to have comorbid medical disorders, and more likely to have failed a prior treatment for depression during the current episode. The two groups did not differ significantly on depression severity or in depressive symptom profile on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D). After 8 weeks of treatment, mean Ham-D scores were reduced comparably in both groups, from about 25 to about 10. Rates of adverse events were 14%-29%, depending on the follow-up interval. Adherence with treatment was high in both groups (over 95%). The patients in primary care and psychiatry office practice are similar in several ways. Significant reductions in depressive symptoms are possible in both settings, in large numbers of patients, by using doses of sertraline in the 50-100 mg range.

[Differential cognitive profiles of fronto-temporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease]. / Perfiles cognitivos diferenciales entre la demencia frontotemporal y la demencia tipo Alzheimer.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: When the clinical picture consists of prominent cognitive impairments (e.g. amnesia) with relatively mild behavioral symptoms, it can be very difficult to distinguish frontal lobe dementia (FLD) from Alzheimer disease (AD). However, these conditions may have distinct cognitive profiles that could be detected by means of neuropsychological testing. The objective was to examine the early differential cognitive feature between FLD and AD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve patients with FLD, 20 patients with AD, and 20 normal subjects matched for age and educational level were evaluated with the Folstein Mini Mental State Examination, the Signoret Memory Battery, the Boston Naming Test, Verbal Fluency (FAS), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Trail Making Test. The FLD patients met the Lund and Manchester criteria, and the AD patients met the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINDS-ADRDA) criteria for clinically probable AD. RESULTS: FLD and AD patients were matched for the severity of dementia using the Global Deterioration Scale (3.8 +/- 0.3 versus 3.9 +/- 0.5 respectively). Mean Z scores were calculated in order to facilitate the comparison between the neuropsychological profiles obtained. FLD patients scored significantly better than AD patients in memory test, calculation, visuospatial abilities, and the naming test. AD patients performed better on executive tasks. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that neuropsychological examination may be useful in differential diagnosis between FLD and AD

[Evaluation of hemispatial dominance by the cancellation test]. / Asimetria funcional cerebral evaluada por el test atencional de cancelacion.

Our objective was to study cultural (first language) and innate (handedness) influences on the performance (omissions, site of beginning) of the cancellation test. We studied 71 healthy subjects aged between 18 and 52 years. There were 41 right-handed and 14 left-handed with Spanish as first language in Buenos Aires study site, and 16 right-handed with Hebrew as first language in Israel study site, matched by age and education. We used the Mesulam verbal and non verbal cancellation test, and a modified verbal version in hebrew letters. Omissions in the right side were more frequent in right-handed Spanish-speaking subjects (p < 0.001). We did not find this asymmetry in the individuals from Israel. While all right-handed Spanish-speaking subjects began the test by the left upper corner, most of the left-handed did it by the right upper corner. We conclude that asymmetry in the performance of the cancellation test may have genetic and/or cultural influences.

A double-blind, randomized, fixed-dose trial of fluoxetine vs. amitriptyline in the treatment of major depression complicating Alzheimer's disease.

The objective of this study was to determine the relative efficacy and safety of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of major depression complicating Alzheimer's disease (AD). The sample included 37 patients with AD and major depression. The study design was a double-blind, fixed-dose, randomized clinical trial with 45 days of follow-up. The outcome measures were the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D), the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), and the number of dropouts from each arm of the study. Efficacy was similar for fluoxetine and amitriptyline. At Day 45, there was a mean 9.4-point reduction in Ham-D scores (t[df,62] = 9.68, P < 0.0001) and a 2.4-point mean increase in MMSE scores as compared to baseline (t[df,2] = 2.69, P = 0.009). Eleven (58%) of the amitriptyline-treated patients dropped out, compared with 4 (22%) of the fluoxetine-treated patients (chi 2[df,2] = 8.9, P = 0.017). The authors conclude that antidepressant treatment for major depression complicating AD is effective. While fluoxetine and amitriptyline are equally effective, fluoxetine is better tolerated.

Síndromes neuropsiquiátricos por lesión en el hemisferio cerebral derecho / Neuropsychiatric syndroms produced by lesions in the right brain hemisphere

El estudio de la dominancia cerebral desempeña un papel importante en el contexto de las desórdenes de las funciones cerebrales superiores. No sólo las neuropsicológicas se encuentran lateralizadas sino también las neuropsiquiátricas. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es la presentación de tres pacientes con trastornos psiquiátricos secundarios a una lesión del hemisferio cerebral derecho. El caso 1 es una paciente con un síndrome de Capgras, los casos 2 y 3 un síndrome de hemidespersonalización. Es frecuente que lesiones en el hemisferio derecho sean responsables de síndromes neuropsiquiátricas. El hecho de que ni las alteraciones funcionales, ni las estructurales puedan explicar por sí solas todas las características de los síndromes en estos pacientes, hace suponer que es necesaria la conjunción de ambas em proporciones variables según los casos. Probablemente aparezca en un sujeto con terreno paranoide con ligeros desórdenes perceptivos; o a la inversa, en un paciente con importantes alteraciones perceptivas como nuestros pacientes (visual en el caso 1; y sensitivas en los casos 2 y 3), bastará un pequeño trastorno afectivo para que surja la idea delirante.